Progressing Through Life

Progressing in life could be one of the most difficult things that a person will have to face during their lifetime. The troubles and problems that they encounter helps them to develop as a person, but also puts them through extraordinary pain. Denis Waitley a man known globally for counselling some of the world's most famous athletes, said a quote that could relate back to developing in life. He said â€Å"Don't dwell on what went wrong. Instead, focus on what to do next. Spend your energies on moving forward toward finding the answer.†In the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, developing as a person is portrayed in several different ways through the main character Amir. As a child Amir faced conflict between his father and himself mostly because he was trying to find a way to learn and connect with his father to help him figure out how he wants to live. As he enters his teenage years he experiences evil in this world first hand, something some people will never see. Le arning to control himself and realize how to handle it is a major step for most people.Later when he enters adulthood he begins to take responsibility and puts others ahead of himself. Helping those who cannot help themselves is a considerate and remarkable thing to accomplish in life. During a human’s childhood they face a lot of self realization and this causes most kids to be confused as they are proceeding through the early stages of their lives. Amir's father makes it very challenging for Amir to develop as a child because he does not have very much respect for Amir and does not acknowledge him enough. â€Å"This is grown-ups time.Why don't you go read one of thosebooks of yours? † (Hosseini 3). This quote shows how Amir’s father ignored him like he did not exist. This caused Amir to get very frustrated with his father because all he ever wanted was to be accepted by him. Another point that relates back Baba not loving loving Amir as much as he should, is w hen Baba is talking to Rahim Kahn. They are talking about how Amir never sticks up for himself and Hassan has to do it for him. â€Å"Self defence has nothing to do with meanness. You know what always happens when the neighbourhood boys tease him?Hassan steps in and fends them off. I've seen it with my own eyes. And when they come home, I say to him, † How did Hassan get that scrape on his face? â€Å"†¦ † he fell down† I'm telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy. â€Å"( Hosseini 18). This quote shows us how Baba has very little respect for Amir because he believes that he does not know how to stick up for himself and this causes Baba to ignore him more than he already does. This is not completely Amir’s fault because he has never been taught how to stand up for himself.This is Baba’s job, as a father and role model, to make sure he knows this. There is also a time when Baba tries to reach out to Amir and give him the chanc e to impress Baba but Amir fails to impress him. When Baba puts Amir into soccer, he is hoping that Amir will take an interest in it. Amir likes the idea so he tries it out, but when he does he finds out that he is not good at playing soccer and he cannot get through this athletic challenge. He is unable to keep up and his dad gets frustrated so he takes him out of it and tries to see if watching the soccer will be better for him.For the first few weeks Amir fakes being interested in it and his dad soon catches on that he has no interest in it and wants to give up on him. (Hosseini 15). Amir feels as if he has not inherited any athletic ability from Baba and this makes him feel even more discouraged than he already is. All Amir ever wanted was to get his father’s approval and he fails to do it in almost every situation as a child. As Amir entered his teenage years he faced the evil in the world first hand. Amir witnessed an event that could scar any person for their entire li fe.When Amir saw Hassan get sexually assaulted he did not engage in the situation to try and help his friend Hassan. Amir stood by and watched his best friend surrender to the boys who sexually assaulted him. This situation relates back to the first point in this paragraph because if Baba would have taught Amir how to stick up for himself and his friends, he could have tried to stop or prevent this horrible circumstance. This situation relates to the point because if Amir would have prevented the sexual assault then he would not have felt so guilty and lost his best friend.If this situation never happened it could have change his life completely. After Amir watched his best friend get sexually assaulted, this stalled his growth as a child because he was feeling very guilty and did not know what to do with himself. (Hosseini 61). This is demonstrated during the fight between Amir and Hassan at the pomegranate tree. Amir throws a pomegranate at Hassan trying to get him to throw one ba ck at him because he wants to feel like he is even with Hassan again but Hassan does not react.Instead Hassan smashes one on his forehead to show that he is loyal to Amir and does not want to hurt him like Amir hurt him. (Hosseini 78). These last two examples shows how Amir is developing and maturing as a person because he now knows what he should do in a situation like that if it ever happens again and it also teaches him how he should be loyal to every person you are close to in life. In Amir’s later teenager years his father decides to move to America to get away from all the evil that was starting to happen in Kabul.He thinks that this is a good choice for him and Amir because it will give them the chance to start a new life in a different country. ( Hosseini 93) This is a turning point in Amir's life because he gets a chance to live in a different environment and take all of the knowledge he has gained and apply it to his new life. When Amir enters his adulthood he conti nues to mature and starts to apply everything he has learned through his experiences while growing up as a child and teenager. After Amir finds out that Hassan has passed away, his first instinct is to go and save his son Sohrab.Amir returns back to Kabul and finds out that Sohrab is under the control of the Taliban. As Amir finally finds Sohrab he is faced with the leader of the Taliban which is the man who sexually assaulted Hassan as a child. Amir then sacrifices himself for Sohrab and takes a beating from the leader and escapes with Sohrab later on. (Hosseini 247). This is showing that Amir has figured out that he has to put others before himself sometimes in order to make them happy and do what is right. It is a major step for Amir because he has not done this before.After Amir rescues Sorhab from the Taliban he brings him to a hotel so they can stay together until he brings him back to America. The morning after they settle at the hotel, Sohrab runs away to a Mosque and Amir h ad no idea where he went. Amir then started to panic because he knew that Sohrab was now his responsibility. Amir then asks the man at the front desk several questions until he mentions the Mosque and Amir immediately ran there hoping to find Sohrab. He finds Sohrab there and has a huge weight lifted off of his shoulders because he has found him, and knows that he is okay. (Hosseini 271).As Amir stays with Sohrab he is trying to get the papers which allows him to enter America. When Amir first meets the man trying to help him get Sohrab into America he faces a major issue that becomes an obstacle. The man tells Amir that Sohrab will not be able to leave Kabul until Amir gets proof that he is the uncle of Sohrab. (Hosseini 290). This brave challenge would have been extremely difficult for Amir to handle previously but since he is now very responsible and mentally stronger, he now works hard and does what is necessary to make it possible for Sohrab to come back to America with Amir.Am ir has grown and developed significantly since his childhood and now realizes how he can have in impact on other people’s lives if he really puts his mind to it. Mary Engelbreit once said, â€Å"If you don’t like something change it; if you can’t change it, change the way you think about it. † Developing in life is a very difficult challenge for most people, but for some it is something that they can do overnight. In this novel it is close to impossible for Amir to develop in the main stages of his life because of the type of person he is.In his childhood he tries to get his fathers approval, but later finds out that it will be a lot more challenging than it may seem. As he enters his teenage years Amir exposed to the worlds evil first hand. He witness' an event that he could have changed but fails to do so because of his lack of knowledge. Then when Amir becomes an adult he finally starts to figure out how to take the responsibility for others and put ot hers in front of himself in order to make them happy. Amir finally develops in life and puts everything that he has learned to the test. Amir has come a long way and now can say that he is a fully developed man.

Asses the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding Essay

Functionalist views are based on that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or consensus. They believe that every part of society performs functions that help keep society running effectively. They use the example of a body to explain the way society runs as each part of our body has to work together in order for us to stay alive this is the same as society according to a functionalist. Education according to Emilie Durkheim (1903) consists of two main functions, creating social solidarity and teaching specialist skills. Social solidarity is the sense of being part of a group or society. Functionalists believe this is key to making education run accordingly as without social solidarity people would only self indulge in their own desires. Education helps to create social solidarity as it helps transmit societies culture, beliefs and values from ‘generation to generation‘keeping society running correspondingly. Schools also act in preparing children for society in real life by teaching the concepts of working together with people you do not always no. his links with working as in work you have to work coherently with people who you will not know. Specialist skills are having the necessary skills to perform their role in education to the ‘bride way’ towards working life. Education helps children prepare for this through teaching children in different a range of subjects which they will then come to specialise in the subjects they are good in which will in turn help them earn mon ey in society in later life. Education also according to functionalists gives all children an equal opportunity to develop on their own individual talents also known as meritocracy which is achieving through your own effort. Davis and Moore (1945) argue that education sorts children into their future educational roles by sorting their ‘aptitudes’ and ‘abilities’ which also links to social solidarity as to do certain jobs you need the necessary qualification and experience. However there are criticisms of functionalists and education. Melvin Tumin (1953) put forward a circular argument and criticises David and Moore by putting forward such questions as ‘how do we know what job is more important? ’ answer ‘because it’s highly Rewarded’ and why are some jobs higher rewarded than others? ’ answer ‘because they are more important’. Marxists believe that society only transmits the ideology of the ruling class therefore it disadvantages the working classes in education. One example is that Marxists prepare the working class for there jobs through education therefore it is only transmitting values of the ruling class. Also Marxists believe that the state is controlled by the ruling classes who transmit the ideology state apparatus which is that it maintains control through controlling people’s ideas, values and beliefs through religion, mass media and the education system. This criticises the functionalist view as social solidarity is meant to transmit these values and beliefs which according to Marxists are only means to control the working class. Meritocracy according to Marxists is a myth as we are controlled by the higher classes and we cannot achieve our status we ascribe our status. Another big criticism of functionalism in education is that functionalists believe that everybody at school behaves and accepts all that is taught when this is not the true case. It does not explain why some people come to fail examinations if everybody works in a general ‘consensus’. Dennis Wrong (1961) refers to this as ‘puppets in society’. The new right believe that the state fails to prepare the young for work as the state discourages choice and competition. Another disadvantage is that functionalists cannot explain under-achievement and inequality of opportunity in education. In conclusion Functionalism has a good general understanding of Education but it has quite obvious flaws as not everybody is going to get on in society so it is impossible to have a general consensus. Also the disadvantages of Functionalism in education seem to out weigh the positives therefore functionalism does not give a real positive understanding of education.

An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay

) . In modern yearss Hypnosis has been used for a figure of grounds. Some people try to halt smoke, loose weight, drug dependence and alcohol addiction Bi Polar upset, ADHD, and schizophrenic disorder, and stress management.A As you can see Hypnosis can and is being used in all sorts of signifiers. For several decennaries, or even centuries, hypnosis was more seen as a circus or charming act. Because of this it has taken for a while to convert the populace that it besides has its practical utilizations. As to the history of hypnosis, the usage of it can be dated back all the manner to the early ages of civilisation. In ancient times, worlds used it for mending intents, particularly in spiritual ceremonials. For illustration, an Indian priest-doctors entered into a procedure of strong visual image and suggestion during which he willed to mend the ill individual. The first modern type of hypnosis started with carnal hypnosis. In 1600-s husbandmans calmed poulets hypnotically by utilizing different methods. In 1800-s people hypnotized birds, coneies, toads and other animate beings. B. Danilewsky experimented with carnal hypnosis and studied its physiological workings in animate beings ( Hypnosis Black Secrets, n.d. ) . The first individual to look into this portion of psychological science was Franz Anton Mesmer ( 1734-1815 ) , an Austrian doctor, who is widely acknowledged as the ‘Father of Hypnosis ‘ . Franz believed that there was a quasi-magnetic fluid in the really air that we breathe and that the organic structure ‘s ‘ nervousnesss someway absorbed this fluid. He cured most of his patients by using magnets to different parts of the organic structure to alter the magnetic flows of the organic structure ( Mark, R. 2002 ) . He was the sire of all major scientists who studied Hypnosis after him, for illustration Marquis de Puysegur and Dr. John Elliotson. Now that we know a small spot about how Hypnosis started, allow ‘s happen out what hypnosis is? Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å" Hypnosis is a particular psychological province with certain physiological properties, resembling slumber merely superficially and marked by a operation of the person at a degree of consciousness other than the ordinary witting province. This province is characterized by a grade of increased receptivity and reactivity in which interior experiential perceptual experiences are given as much significance as is by and large given merely to external world ( Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. ) . This brings us to the following inquiry, what is hypnosis used for? A better inquiry would really be what ca n’t Hypnosis be used for? A Hypnosis, today, is being used for multiple jobs. Some of the more common 1s would be people who try to halt smoke, others who would wish to lose weight and have tried everything else and it did n’t work. Some us hypnosis to cover with emphasis related jobs. These would be the more normally know countries hypnosis is used for. Other less known countries hypnosis can be used for would be in assisting epilepsy patients and patients with palsy, Multiple induration, AIDS and malignant neoplastic disease. Hypnosis can in some of these instances help to better the quality of life and in some instances assist in easing a remedy. The most of import portion of this side of Hypnosis is to retrieve that merely people with a grade in medical specialty should pattern hypnosis for these sorts of jobs. An exclusion might be that doctors will give you a referral to a hypnotizer, who is really good reversed it what you need him to make. Hypnosis has besides been known Os have been applied for child birth conditioning and of class the benefits are enhanced if they are used in combination with La Maze take a breathing techniques. There are besides experts who utilize hypnosis for drug dependence and alcohol addiction, these experts are familiar with the 12 stairss of AA and Al-anon and hold pattern in the 12 measure plans and cognize how to utilize hypnosis to assist their clients. Other experts employ hypnosis to assist adult females with the symptoms of PMS ( premenstrual emphasis ) and other hormone related wellness upsets. Hypnosis besides has been found to assist people with ADHD and schizophrenic disorder and bi-polar ( Watkins, 2008 ) . Another particular signifier of hypnosis-called wakened hypnosis — is most effectual for covering with anxiousness panic onslaught. Hypnosis – Hypnosis is sometimes used in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiousness. While you ‘re in a province of deep relaxation, the hypnotherapist uses different curative techniques to assist you confront your frights and expression at them in new ways ( Anxiety Attacks and Disorders, n.d. ) . Last but non least, and likely one of the most known utilizations for hypnosis, is to utilize it for diging into repressed kid goon memories. Clinical hypnosis can be used to get the better of many of the clients mental and wellness jobs by theoretically turn uping the beginning of the job in their childhood. This pattern of hypnosis has come under fire recently, some statements made by people that underwent hypnosis to bring out pent-up kid goon memories were really used for cases against parents, siblings and other household members. After long probes most of these instances nil more than person ‘s purportedly long-repressed memories that all of a sudden surfaced under therapy. After reexamining 60 old ages of research and happening no controlled research lab support for the construct of repression, a good known research worker D.S. Holmes suggested, merely half jestingly, that any usage of the construct be preceded by a warning: â€Å" Warning. The construct of repression h as non been validated with experimental research and its usage may be risky to the accurate reading of clinical behaviour † ( Holmes, 1990 ) Ricker, n.d. ) . Defense judicial proceeding in such instances of hypnosis has raised improperness and incompetence on the portion of the healer or practician utilizing hypnosis and/or implicative techniques to retrieve â€Å" repressed † memories which false lead the client to believe that their current symptoms are due to being sexual abused as a kid ( Hansen, 1996 ) . There have been besides studies of tooth doctor utilizing hypnosis during dental surgery to wipe out the hurting. Another usage of hypnosis is called Self-hypnosis, this happens when you hypnotize yourself. This is frequently more practical as a emphasis direction tool than normal hypnosis, as you do non necessitate to hold a hypnotist nowadays. Self hypnosis works reasonably much the same manner as speculation, it helps you loosen up and deflect your head from unpleasant ideas. Together with speculation and imagination, self hypnosis can be a powerful tool to battle day-to-day emphasis and go a portion of a day-to-day emphasis direction modus operandi ( Self Hypnosis, n.d. ) . In decision, as you can see hypnosis can successfully be used for every conceivable job that can problem worlds. In this essay I touched on merely a few utilizations of Hypnosis, the more common 1s like childhood repressed memories, halt smoke, weight loss and stress direction and some of the lesser known 1s like hurting control and child birth. There are likely many more utilizations for hypnosis to be discovered we have n’t thought of yet. Mentions Anxiety Attacks and Disorders: Signs, symptoms, and intervention. ( n.d. ) .Helpguide.org: Understand, prevent and decide life ‘s challenges. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm Hansen, J. , A ; R.H.A.. ( 1996 ) . Hypnosis – controversial once more.The Ross Institute Internet Archives for the Study of Destructive Cults, Controversial Groups and Motions. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rickross.com /reference/ false_memories/fsm25.html History of Hypnosis: from antediluvian times to modern hypnosis. ( n.d. ) .Hypnosis and self hypnosis secrets -learn hypnosis online. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypnosisblacksecrets.com/learn-hypnosis/history-of-hypnosis-from-ancient-times-to-nowadays Ibadov, O. ( n.d. ) . History of Hypnosis: From priest-doctors to instant hypnosis.Self Improvement from SelfGrowth.com. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com /articles/ History_of_Hypnosis_From_Shamans_to_Instant_Hypnosis.html Mark, R. ( 2002 ) Hypnosis ( psychological science ) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. ( n.d. ) .Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis Ricker, J. , A ; Ph.D.. ( n.d. ) . Section 6-16: What are false memories? .Scottsdale Community College. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/Section_6/6-16.html Self-Hypnosis – Relaxation Techniques from Mind Tools. ( n.d. ) .Mind tools – direction preparation, leading preparation and calling raining – right here, right now.. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/stress/RelaxationTechniques/SelfHypnosis.htm The history of hypnosis.Essortment Articles: Free online articles on wellness, scientific discipline, instruction A ; more... Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essortment.com/all/hypnosishistory_rcdg.htm Watkins, C. ( 2008 ) . Hypnotherapy.Northern County Psychiatric Associates Home Page. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpamd.com/medical_hypnosis.htm What Is Hypnosis – Toronto Naturopathic Clinic. ( n.d. ) .Toronto Naturopathic Clinic – Toronto Naturopath Sushma Shah ND ( Yonge A ; Davisville ). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturesintentionsnaturopathy.com/hypnosis.htm

Work and Employee Relations in the call centre Essay

Work and Employee Relations in the call centre - Essay Example Employees working in call centres have to get used to the system which is highly monitored and constantly under surveillance by supervisors because of the computer technology integrated into telephone use. Notably, call centres exhibit certain characteristics of Fordist organization/ Taylorist organization. The article addresses the different theoretical perspectives governing call centres and goes further to describe a study carried out in a bid to establish the opinions of call centre employees regarding the type of organization and work related tasks. It emerges that, the employees face the pressure of conforming to the highly computerized inbound and outbound telephone services while bearing with the constant surveillance by the management. This is the reason why employees have been described as participating in emotional labour (Taylor and Bain 1999, p. 101). A Fordist system of organization denotes an organizational structure that relies on technology for increased productivity as well as ensuring the availability of a great market for the standardized products produced by the system. This means that employees rely on the use of technology to perform one task perfectly. Employees in a Fordist organization usually perform one task all year round and there is increased labour division within the organization. A superior level of hierarchical control does exist in Fordist organizations, ensuring that each worker in the production line focuses on an individual task. A clear example of a Fordist organization is the call centre described in the article. As the authors describe, a high level of productivity is evident because of the integration of VDU technologies and telephone services. Moreover, employees stick to production lines performing a single task while utilizing all the available technology to register specialized performance (Taylo r and Bain 1999, p. 102). The fact that a Fordist organization registers a high level of productivity and yields quality

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Assignment Example The packaging is commendable as it keeps the drinks fresh, hygienic and portable. The corporation operates as a franchise. Above all, it has some of the most qualified employees to ensure high levels expertise in the respective fields. The return policy for this corporation is clear and reasonable in all its member country. 97% of its waste products get recycled helping in environmental preservation (Gaughan, 495). The corporation has a high annual turnover of up to $35 billion per year. This shows the level of profitability of this corporation. The pricing strategies differ depending on the clientele in its member countries. For example, premium pricing could be used in countries known to be economically stable since the consumers would not feel the burden as such.. This pricing strategy could also be used in an introduction of a new brand into the market. In other countries, penetration pricing could be used so as to enable the product penetrate through the market. Therefore, the corporation employs different pricing systems depending on the nature of the clientele bearing in mind that, as a franchise, it has to operate under the laws of its member countries. The corporation has favorable credit terms that are commendable by many dealers. The prices of its products are on the packages. This helps in ensuring price control so that retailers do not take due advantage to sell the product beyond the required prices (Gaughan, 495). In most of its member countries, the corporation enjoys quite a wide range of publicity. The corporation has managed to employ a distinctive marketing strategy that outdoes those of the existing companies in the member countries. The corporation engages itself in philanthropic activities in such a manner that it makes itself known to the inhabitants of its member countries. It also sponsors some activities, for example, the London 2012 Olympics. The corporation sometimes

Acoustical Characterization of Porous Materials for Automotive Research Paper

Acoustical Characterization of Porous Materials for Automotive Application - Research Paper Example There exists diversity when it comes to porous materials either artificial or natural. Sintered, steel wool, perforated materials and fiber metal are among the porous materials that have been increasingly used in automotive noise control. Following the diversity and variety of porous material characteristics, the study of porous media has proved to be wide and interesting. The review begins with outlining and comparing the models that are intended to be used in predicting the fundamental acoustical characteristics that are applicable in automotive. The paper introduces both the theoretical, empirical and numerical modeling and demonstrates how the models are used to determine the acoustic characteristics of porous materials. The analytical models indicate that the solid constituents of porous material are rigid and the fluid constituents are similar to that of a homogenous isotropic fluid that has been modified. The review also considers the acoustical characterization of porous mate rials and goes further to look at the porous materials modeling while having particular interests on porous materials that are elastic. The fundamental characteristics of porous materials are then illustrated using computational and experimental examples . Introduction In automotive, absorptive materials have various applications in different locations. Absorber pads can serve effectively in several locations such as in the door panel, pillar trim, headliner and bellow the carpet. Porous materials like fibers and foams are normally used in such applications. There acoustic characteristics enable them to serve as absorbers. It is the viscous losses that results in the conversion of energy to heat while sound waves navigate through the fibers or pores that are interconnected in the material. A porous material that is bonded with a barrier that is non-porous conducts the sound energy in waves that are in form of structure-borne. The characteristics which have the desirable influence on this wave form are the structural loss and bulk stiffness (Allard, 1993,p. 56). With reference to automotive applications, absorption is preferred at frequencies that are lower while the weight and thickness are to be limited. Porous materials with air flows resistance that are specific yet different have been identified as to achieve the results that are desired. However, the action of decreasing or increasing the given air flow resistance in order to achieve low frequency results affect high frequency performances. The review thus gives a presentation of a number of different material’s studies which illustrate such behavior. Several models such as the penalization approach demonstrate this behavior by simulating fluids inside and porous regions surrounding the obstacle. Such models are easy to implement and do not need a body fitting or a specific interface treatment. The models are successfully used in the introduction of new passive control methods that entail the imple mentation of a porous layer in between the fluid and the blue-body so as to change the characteristics of the boundary layer. Such a passive control model results in regularization that is drastic especially when it comes to high Reynolds numbers (Allard, 1992, p. 3349). Porous materials come in two phases, namely; the fibrous solid component termed as the frame and the interstitial fluid located in the pores resulting from the frame. Following their low density, porous materials cannot be generally used to make barriers but are commonly applied in the making of materials that absorb

Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke - Essay Example According to Boardman of The Huffington Post, the video seems to be giving power to men rather than women, especially in the context of rape based on the line ‘I know you want it’ to suggest that women mean yes when they say yes when faced with cat calling or manly sexual advances. This controversy led universities in Britain to ban the song from being played in any of their functions because of this portrayal of women. In their defence, Robin, Pharrell and T.I argued that the song had some feminist themes as it sought to liberate women against male oppression. They argued on the basis that they were fathers and husbands meaning that it was not possible for them to portray women in such an undignified manner or sexist. According to Lynskey of the Guardian UK, the lyrics to the song include the use of derogatory names against, which in some quarters is considered racist, hence influencing an outcry by those involved in the feminist movement. The explicit version of the so ng also has some sexual elements embedded in it is as analysts decry why the song had to give details on what they can do to a woman in a sexual way. This to them exemplifies rape as a woman is not supposed to have a say   in the way that a man can have her sexually, meaning that their consent in sexual matters is inconsequential as the man is the one who gets to decide. Others argue that the video promotes pornography ideology, especially with the models in the song appearing topless or bikinis that have the same color.

Strong versus weak advertising theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strong versus weak advertising theory - Essay Example A case in point is Andrew Ehrenberg who advanced a controversial treatise in 1974 about how advertising works. He challenged the assumption that advertising has the capacity to change attitudes unaided, and suggested that it normally worked by strengthening beliefs shaped from what are usually high level of consumer experience and awareness (Heath 2006). The argument of Ehrenberg was concentrated on the prevalent theory that advertising was a strong kind of persuasion, and his assumption became widely accepted among advertising agencies (Agres, Edell & Dubitsky 1990). However, it is important to take into consideration the fact that it was a period when the sales impacts of advertising were viewed by many as lasting, difficult to determine even in observation and hard to predict (Agres et al. 1990). Ehrenberg had ascertained that there were 100% loyal customers in most markets, and majority of these buyers purchased more than one brand. He discovered that brand consumers had consistent stronger attitudes than non-consumers, but unable to adequately clarify how these attitudes occurred (Heath 2006). This encouraged him to challenge the central theory within the models of hierarchy of effects: that change in attitude comes first and forces change in behaviour (Shrum 2004). He believed that advertising can build, rekindle or reinforce brand awareness, and can be an aspect that enables trial purchase (Wells 1997). However, he also visualised a protective function for repetitive advertising as â€Å"reinforcing already developed repeat buying habits† (Weitz & Wensley 2002: 289). Afterwards, he expanded this to include split-loyal buyers, or those who habitually buy more than one brand, and identified a further function for advertising as ‘nudging’ or pushing spli t-loyals towards a larger buying percentage of one brand or another (Weitz & Wensley 2002). On the other hand, Jones disputed the influence of

The Sorrow and the Pity film by Marcel Ophuls Movie Review

The Sorrow and the Pity film by Marcel Ophuls - Movie Review Example The Sorrow and the pity documentary is based on view that during the World War II, France was the only state which collaborated and de Gaulle's Free French in UK were in the awkward situation as government of France was not in a state of exile. The strongest point of the movie is that it shows reality and the idea was completely innovative to show the interviews of the people who actually were present at the time of such a chaos and destruction. The real stories are described in the film. The Sorrow and the Pity movie include the interviews of the French and German who played a major or minor part in the war. The idea behind the movie was to bring in front the truth about the collaboration of France with Nazis. The documentary, which is more than four hours long was shot in Clermont Ferrand, a town in France. Marcel Ophulus view about the movie is that those who have not undergone the pain, damage and grief of occupying power can never know how it feels so they have no right to judge a nation that endured the horrors and terror of the war. The fundamental point of the movie is the forbearance and complacent of the people under the control of another power in their state. The Sorrow and the Pity is one of the greatest documentary ever made. The film is based on the World War II, the destructions caused by the war and the people affected by the war. The movie was about the physical and social division of France. The Germans with their war weapons and machined easily conquered the France and it was not shown that it's any of a big deal for the Nazi Germans to have a control over France. As shown in the movie the basic concern of the people under the war was to have food for them to eat. The movie has two parts. First part is about the conquest and collaboration of France and is called "The Collapse". This part consists of the attack of Nazi Germans and the quick surrender of the French, whereas the second part is known as "The Choice" which inquires about the practical dilemma of power of resisting. This part was actually to reveal the truth about the resistance or cooperation of French with Nazi Germans. It also reveals the consequences of the Collaboration. The movie first stirred great controversy when it was released . The people of France were reluctant to admit that France was one of the many states who could actually collaborate with the victorious country, Germany. The French television was not willing to broadcast it and it stirred a huge controversy. So the movie was shown at the cinema where it emerged as a great success, (Holm, D. K 2005). The Sorrow and the pity movie is all about the life in France during the period of the World War II and the Nazi Occupation. It includes the interviews of the people who were involved directly or indirectly in this play. It is a daring step taken by the director to make an objective evaluation of the perplexing situation in the history of France. The documentary is close to reality which reflects the real life situation about what actually happened to the people who lived during the war and what difficulties they faced. The interviews were conducted from the Government officials, politicians, artists, farmers, veterans, forces and common people who could speak about the war

I have been writing the topic in the section '' order intructions'' Research Paper

I have been writing the topic in the section '' order intructions'' - Research Paper Example As a result of his intentional poor financial reporting, special purpose entities and accounting loopholes, the company lost at least $40 billion. This was made possible by the engagement of Arthur Anderson as the company’s sole auditing firm. With the help of Arthur Anderson Auditors, Enron’s Chief Financial Officer managed to manipulate and mislead the company’s accounting committee and the Board of Directors to accept the presented financial records. Indeed, this was a very unfortunate incident which greatly interfered with the company and all its stakeholders. All the employees were affected as well. A part from losing a lot from the $40 billion law suit, they lost a lot of money in pension. This could not be escaped because the company was later declared bankrupt to the extent that it could not manage to compensate its workers. This would mean a great loss to these employees as they would lose all the benefits. Even those who had been working for the company for a long time would not get their pensions upon the dissolution of the company since it would not be in a position to do so. It would be so disappointing and demoralizing for such employees because the scandal would eventually affect them in person. The investors also incurred a lot of losses. A part from discouraging prospecting investors from pumping their resources into the company, the existing ones had to contend with a drastic loss of stock. A few months after the information about the scandal reached the market, the company share prices declined from $83 to $1. Worse still, these investors later lost their investments in the company2. Since the company could not stand on its feet any longer, it had to be declared bankrupt. Meaning, it would not manage to refund the shareholders their investments. To prove that the company lost value, even attempts by its rival Dynegy to buy it out at extremely low price flopped. On the

Narrative Paragraph Essay Example for Free

Narrative Paragraph Essay The toddler climbed laboriously up onto the stool, determined to â€Å"help† her mother. But her mother did not notice; she was far too busy with the frantic preparations for the birthday party. Ten three-year-olds and their mothers coming for an afternoon of treats, games and face painting: a herald of another party, ten years from now, when make up would be the order of the day, the child’s father had observed. As the mixer whirred and the dishwasher swished and the oven beeped its warning of impending culinary disaster, the child’s attempt to be a part of the busy-ness was more than her mother could attend to. She did not notice when the girl reached the top of the stool, nor did she see the tiny hand reach out toward the glinting beaters as they beat the pale golden batter. As she faced the oven, removing the first cookie tray, she heard the scream. Whirling, she took in the tiny hand held high, the tragic face, and the stream of scarlet mixing itself into the cake. A kiss, a cuddle and a band-aid calmed the birthday girl; a shake of her head and a moment of revelation calmed her mother. A birthday candle in a cookie would be just fine. See more: how to start a narrative essay Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to tell a brief story Structure: no real thesis statement, as there is nothing to be proven in this paragraph, but there is an introductory sentence that establishes character, setting and situation, there are body sentences, and there is a concluding sentence that summarizes the resolution of the main conflict Language: language is relatively casual and includes a single example of the language of the three-year-old child to help establish character Features: narrative components such as plot, characters, setting, conflict and resolution are evident; use of onomatopoeia (â€Å"whirred,† â€Å"swished,† â€Å"beeped†) to mimic the distracting effects of the busy kitchen EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH An expository paragraph explains something; its purpose is to help the reader understand. In order to ensure that the purpose is achieved, the writer of the paragraph may utilize a number of paragraph features and language techniques. One essential feature is logical organization. This may take a number of forms, including demonstrating cause and effect or following a  chronological order. Another important feature is providing support for the explanation being made. This support may consist of examples, illustrations, statistical or expert evidence, or even appropriate anecdotes. A final critical feature is clarity of language. The paragraph may make employ language devices such as metaphors or allusions to help illustrate its points, but they must be relatively straight forward and easy to follow so that no misunderstanding of the important points will occur. By employing these kinds of features and techniques, the writer of an expository paragraph will ensure that the paragraph’s meaning is clear to the reader. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to explain some of the techniques used by the writer of an expository paragraph to achieve his or her purpose (!) Structure: The first sentence is a topic sentence; the second is the thesis statement. The body sentences list, explain and give examples of the paragraph’s features, and the concluding sentence summarizes the main point of the paragraph. Language: language is relatively formal Features: The paragraph uses a format of making a point followed by examples. There is â€Å"listing† transition (â€Å"One essential feature,† â€Å"Another important feature,† â€Å"A final critical feature†) between sentences to help the flow of the paragraph. PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH Telephone solicitation is more than just an annoyance to those on the receiving end of the calls. In fact, telephone solicitation can be disastrous for people in all kinds of situations and, thus, must be stopped. For one thing, telephone solicitation typically occurs in the late afternoon and early evening, prime family time. This can cause chaos in two ways. One, continual interruption of shared family meal times, rare as they can be, can put a significant strain on family relationships; this is a troublesome point in light of the divorce statistics of today. Even worse, when families are embroiled in homework wars or are having trouble getting toddlers to bed, a poorly-timed telephone call may be the straw that breaks the camel’s back, moving the suffering parents to lose their cool  completely. This could result in a form of domestic violence, verbal or even physical: yet another reason for a family to break apart. Another way in which telephone solicitation can prove dangerous to people stems from its very familiarity. Because so many telephone calls come from telephone solicitors, offering everything from insurance opportunities to vinyl siding, the calls become accepted as a legitimate way to do business. This plays into the hands of criminals. The trust individuals place in the honesty of the legitimate solicitors is extended to those who are, in fact, dishonest and out to abscond with the proceeds of others’ bank accounts. Clearly, in order to save families and their hard-earned dollars, telephone solicitation should be banned. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to convince the reader that telephone solicitation should be banned Structure: introductory sentence, thesis statement (sentence #2), body sentences which provide examples for points made, a concluding sentence which states the thesis in stronger terms Language: language is emotionally loaded at times (ex., â€Å"disastrous,† â€Å"chaos,† â€Å"embroiled in homework wars,† â€Å"domestic violence†); added words such as â€Å"Clearly† in the concluding sentence makes it difficult to argue against the point Features: strong rhetorical language; a variety of sentence lengths keep the paragraph moving; short sentences highlight and give â€Å"punch† to inflammatory statements (ex., â€Å"This plays into the hands of criminals.†); stops argument by stating that the evidence â€Å"clearly† supports the thesis LITERARY PARGRAPH Holden Caulfield, the narrator and protagonist of J.D.Salinger’s well-known novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is an unreliable narrator. This leads the reader to suspect that Holden’s story is not all that is appears, and coaxes the reader to look more deeply into the character and his situation. Very early in the novel, Holden himself casts doubt on his reliability as a narrator when he confesses to his in-story audience, a psycho-therapist, that he is â€Å"the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It’s awful† (Chapter 3). This self-indictment alerts the reader to the fact that everything Holden says will need to be taken with a grain of salt and that it will be important to look beyond the surface of the text. Later in the  novel, Holden relates a story about his date with a girlfriend in which she tells him to stop yelling at a club. He protests that he â€Å"wasn’t even yelling† but it is clear from his description that he probably was yelling, and that his girlfriend was trying to calm him down. This incident, and others like it, suggests that Holden is not good at monitoring his own behaviour. This again calls into question Holden’s explanations of what goes on in the novel and encourages the reader to look seriously at the words spoken by the other characters, even if they are related through Holden’s eyes. Thus, through both Holden’s explicit assessments of his own personality and the implicit meaning of the events in the story, the reader can see that Holden Caulfield is a less-than-reliable narrator whose story must be examined deeply in order to be understood. Paragraph Analysis Purpose: to interpret and explain an aspect of a literary text Structure: First two sentences work together to alert the reader to the topic and the thesis. The body sentences extend the discussion, and the conluding sentence restated the thesis. Language: language is formal and makes use of integrated quotations to add to the authority of the interpretation Features: identifies the title of the work and the author in the introductory sentence; uses literary terms (i.e., â€Å"unreliable narrator†); uses integrated quotations to support the discussion; remains focused exclusively on the text (no â€Å"real life† references)

Girl with the Pearl Earrings Essay Example for Free

Girl with the Pearl Earrings Essay There could be many different interpretations of the ending scene when the pearl earrings are returned to Griet. The look on Griet’s face is a look of shock, some anger, and recollection. Catharina gave Griet the pearl earrings because she cannot bear to wear them, nor stand the sight of them since the day she saw the painting. Vermeer betrayed Catharina and the earrings are the biggest reminder of the betrayal, so to move on from the time Griet spent as their maid and rid all those memories from her mind she needed to give away the earrings. Catharina could have given them to anyone, sold them, or even just threw them away; instead she chose to give them to Griet. She gave them to Griet, to let Griet know that she is not mad at her and she understands Griet did nothing wrong. Catharina shows that her anger and hurt comes from Vermeer’s betrayal when she, with tears in her eyes, looks at Vermeer and asks â€Å"Why don’t you paint me? † In which Vermeer replies that she doesn’t understand. Catharina then in a rage tries to slash the painting, but Vermeer stops her. She then shifts her anger to the only thing she can do, which is make Griet leave. Catharina making Griet leave was misplaced anger, it was anger she wanted to take out on her husband and the painting but couldn’t. Therefore to make it up to Griet for making her leave, she sent her the pearl earrings. She was an emotional wreck in tears and screaming, outranged by her husband’s actions and Griet was a weak young girl she could at the time let her anger out on. After a few days of thinking she realized she was wrong and had Tanneke take the gift to Griet. Vermeer not only betrayed his wife but he also betrayed Griet at the end. When Catharina tells Griet to leave Griet looks at Vermeer to say something, to let Catharina know she has done nothing wrong. Vermeer says nothing though and just lets her leave, which is devastating to her. Griet then even tries one more time to go to talk to him before she leaves to give it one more chance, but he just lets her leave. Vermeer is to blame for all that happened, but lets his wife take the blame out on Griet and then lets Griet take the blame that should be his. He hurts everyone in this story, instead of being a man and taking up for his wrong actions, he is childlike. The sudden music that plays in the movie when Griet opens the earrings is a shocking sound, in disbelief that Catharina has given them to her and is not mad. Griet at first is shocked, and you can see it all over her face. Then she clutches them in her hand as to say thank you and looks off in the other direction as thinking â€Å"What should I do now? † I did not think I would enjoy this novel because I’m not very into historical fiction but I actually enjoyed the novel and movie very much. It was extremely interesting to me, kept me constantly thinking about what each character was thinking. I do however wish the ending had a little more, like maybe letting us know where Griet ended up but I guess we are just supposed to figure that out our selves.

Reflective Practice And Risk Essay

Reflective Practice And Risk Essay The purpose of this essay is to critically evaluate the following statement with reference to my own practice experience in working with risk. As social workers it is especially critical that we apply a resilience-lens, that is, a strengths-based practice approach (Saleeby, 2006, p.198). With the focus of this piece of practice on working with a family, this essay will predominantly explore the above statement from the perspective of a Children and Families placement. The essay will start with a brief outline of the practice experience that will be referred to and will then explore the concepts of resilience and strengths-based practice as well as risk assessment and risk management. The social, cultural and political concepts that shape practice in relation to risk management will also be explored. A reflective discussion of my practice will follow and this will incorporate the concepts of resilience and strengths-based practice as well as risk assessment and risk management and how this approach was utilised to complete BBs Pre-Birth Assessment. This discussion will also be set within a theoretical framework of reflection. The practice experience that will be referred to within this essay is the assessment process I undertook in order to prepare for the completion of a Pre-Birth Assessment which had been requested by the Community Ante-Natal Midwife. The completed Pre-Birth Assessment would be sent to the Local Authoritys Child Protection Officer. This was in line with the Local Authoritys High Risk Pregnancy Protocol. BB is 18 years old and pregnant with her second child. She lives alone in local authority housing in a small village. Her oldest child, CA, was at the time of the referral 9 months old. BBs partner, BA, who is aged 21, is currently in prison serving a two year sentence for Assault to Severe Injury. BA is not expected to get released from prison until October 2010. The Midwife was concerned that BB would find it difficult to cope with the new baby as well as her daughter and described BB as appearing to lack capacity in her understanding of responsibility of CAs health and welfare and the health and well-being of both herself and her unborn baby. The midwife also raised concerns about BBs mental well-being with respect to her partners long term prison sentence and in particular raised concerns that BB was finding it difficult to contemplate the birth of her second child without the support of her partner. The Midwife was satisfied that substance/drug misuse was not an issue with BB. The concept of resilience refers to a dynamic process of overcoming the negative effects of risk exposure, coping successfully with traumatic experiences and avoiding the negative pathways associated with risks. (Rutter, 1985; Luthar et al, 2000). From a developmental perspective, a pathway can become negative when circumstances lead to lower than expected progress or regression. Positive pathways occur as individuals or families overcome adversities. Turning points represent times when a pathway alters direction, such as when professional intervention enables a family or individual to start on or return to a positive pathway. (Hill et al 2007). Gilligan (2004) also suggests that three elements are seen as essential to understanding resilience which arises from a process and results in positive adaption in the face of adversity. Further to this, Fergus and Zimmerman (2005) argue that a key requirement of resilience is the presence of both risk and protective factors that either help bring about a positive outcome or reduce and avoid a negative outcome. In order to illuminate how resilience may operate, the key relationships in the lives of children and their families should be explored. The relationships the children and their families have with the wider world as well as their relationships with professionals should also be included in this exploration. (Gilligan, 2004). According to Hill et al (2007) many of the findings concerning resilience among young people as they move into adulthood are relevant to parents. The capacities and supports that assist their resilience also help them manage stresses arising from parental roles. However, much of the work on parent and family support has been based on the concept of coping and the development or building on the strengths of families facing difficulties rather than that of resilience (Pugh et al, 1995; Quinton, 2004). Nevertheless, as Hill et al (2007) point out successful coping equates to resilience (Hill et al, 2007, p.19). In order to identify and bolster strengths, as well as reduce risk Corcoran and Nichols-Casebolt (2004) consider how a risk and resilience ecological framework (Kirby and Fraser, 1997) can fit with social works emphasis on empowerment and the strengths-based perspective. Corcoran and Nichols-Casebolt (2004) put forward the ideas that the strengths perspective underlies the concepts of protective factors and resilience in which people are not only able to survive, but also triumph over difficult life circumstances. The ecological emphasis of the framework expands the focus beyond the individual to a recognition of systemic factors that can create problems as well as ameliorate them. (Corcoran and Nichols-Casebolt, 2004, p.212) In describing elements and principles of strength-based practice, Saleeby (2000) asks us to imagine an equilateral triangle. P at the apex stands for promise and possibility whilst C on the left represents capacities, competencies and character. R on the angle to the right symbolises resources, resilience and reserves. Taking into account the character and tenor of the helping relationship using the work of Carl Rogers (1951) by utilising respect, genuineness, concern, collaboration and empathy as well having useful and appropriate interventions can provide a context for the family and/or individual to confront the difficult and consider the future. Central to the strengths approach is to begin making an assessment of the assets, resources and capacities within the service user and equally within their environment e.g. household composition, extended family, neighbourhood and local amenities as well as access to community resources. (Saleeby, 2000; Corcoran Nichols-Casebolt, 2004). Further to this, professional assessment needs to focus on strengths as well as deficits, on protective as well as risk factors. (Werner Smith, 1992; Gilligan, 2001). What also needs to be understood, in terms of professional assessment is that protective and risk factors have been found to vary according to the type of adversity, type of resilient outcome and life stage. Also risk factors in one context may by protective in another. (Rutter, 1999; Ungar, 2004). Risk assessment should be understood as collecting information on the two key risk elements; these are known as the outcomes (also known as the consequences, harm or damage) and their likelihood (also known as chance or exposure) and to assess a risk both should be taken into consideration. (Carson Bain, 2008; Titterton, 2005). Risk assessment is also described as a systematic collection of information to identify if risks are involved and identifying the likelihood of their future occurrence. It can also be used to predict the escalation of the presenting behaviour as well as the service users motivation for change. (Calder, 2002) When considering outcomes Carson Bain (2008) argue that a risk assessment only requires from a legal, ethical and professional perspective to cover reasonable outcomes. The goal should be to include as much information, and as many considerations as necessary but to keep the decision as simple as possible. Including unreasonable outcomes quickly become counterproductive and thereby show poor practice. Further to this beneficial outcomes should also be taken into consideration. Risk assessment should also take into account that risk is being considered, and can be justified because its likely benefits may be more important than the possible harms. Quality risk assessment requires us to think about the amount of harm and/or benefits which might be achieved. When assessing likelihood Carson Bain (2008) suggest that the knowledge source and the quality of knowledge are variable. They advocate the adoption of the cognitive continuum model by Hammond (1978 cited in Carson Bain, 2008). This suggests that we should be able to distinguish six levels of knowledge. The lowest level being intuitive judgement next is peer-aided judgement where two or more people will share knowledge, experience and discuss assumptions and predictions. The third is system-aided judgement e.g. supervisor/manager aided. The final three levels relate to the quality of scientific and empirical research which may or may not be available. However, as Carson Bain point out the value of the cognitive continuum is that it reminds us that When making an assessment of likelihood we ought to use knowledge from the highest level, providing it is relevant knowledge. (Carson Bain, 2008, p.142) Therefore, when conducting an assessment, it is important that the nature of the interactions between the family and environmental factors are examined carefully, including both positive and negative influences and knowledge and meaning attached to them explored and weighed up with the family. What is useful in this respect is the use of grids and visual aids such as resilience/vulnerability matrix (Daniel Wassell, 2002), My World Triangle and genograms. The usefulness of these is enhanced when completed together with the service user. At this point it is useful to mention that there are two basic assessment tools used to assess risk. These are clinical which involves professional judgement, information from research on risk factors and constructs risk management as well as allowing intervention strategies to be tailored to situation. The other is actuarial and is based upon statistical calculations of risk and uses scales to assess parental dangerousness. This method does not allow for children and their families unique cluster of circumstances and also takes no account of child development theory. (Barry, 2007; Davies, 2008). Risk management is discovering and controlling the dimensions of the proposed risk into a plan to manage the risks; it is involved with implementing, monitoring, influencing, controlling and reviewing the risk decision. Risk dimensions are features of risk that could be influenced by the practitioner, for example the available (and the availability of) resources to manage the risk and uncertainty (Carson and Bain, 2008). Gurney (2000) defines risk management as processes devised by organisations to minimise negative outcomes and suggests that risk management moves along a continuum between control, legitimate authority and empowerment. Between the empowering and controlling ends of the continuum lie models of risk minimisation which seek to reduce harms and maximise benefits. (Manthorpe, 2000). However, in order to have good risk management we must be able to make effective use of all the dimensions of the risk assessment. Risk management suggest ways in which a decision may be best implemented. Different levels of resources may be applied. For example, the child who is perceived possibly to be at risk may be visited more frequently. People are an example of a major resource for risk management. The number of people being able to visit to check on a risk decision will be important but will be of little advantage if they are not sufficiently knowledgeable or skilled in identifying problems or opportunities and to make appropriate interventions. However, the availability of resources is money orientated and the availability of risk management resources in one part of the country (or neighbouring local authorities) could lead to a different risk proposal being assessed from that in another local authority that does not have those resources available. (Carson Bain, 2008) Webb (2007) identifies social work as operating within a risk society, that is, a society which views risk as something which should be managed and can be identified and eradicated. Since the beginning of the 21st Century there have been several reports regarding child abuse deaths and, as pointed out by Ferguson (1997), there are Few more disturbing phenomena in advanced modern society than the premature deaths of socially valued children who were known to be at high risk. (Ferguson, 1997, p. 228) Examples of high profile child death inquiry cases include Victoria Climbià © (2003), Caleb Ness (2003) and Baby P (2008). These are all very good examples of how the media and public blamed practitioners. The resultant media coverage of how risk assessment and risk management have failed along with demands for minimising risks and organisational and professional accountability have, over the years, constrained the role of a social worker. With respect to this Houston and Griffiths argue that Approaches to risk assessment and management in child protection have led to an emphasis on prediction, control and culpability. (Houston and Griffiths, 2000, p.1). Furedi (1997) argues that the worship of safety and the avoidance of risk make up the new moral order, an order which is prescriptive, intrusive and deeply anti-humanistic. From this perspective, concern about identifying risk is becoming more dominant than concern about identifying need in assessment and resource allocation in risk management. Avoiding risk is a difficult business which cannot be reduced to simplistic methods and rather than try to calculate the incalculable social workers should develop mutually trusting, respectful relationships with service users. Also this approach to risk assessment and risk management may deny the social worker empowering approaches which respond to need, focus on prevention and which more centrally tackle issues of poverty and social inequality. (Stalker, 2003; Ritchie Woodward, 2009). Further to this Ritchie Woodward (2009) point out that if social workers are preoccupied with high risk situations they are less likely to find the space to work either creatively or therapeutically. Additionally, the Changing Lives Report (2006) suggested that the social work profession had become increasingly risk averse. One of the key areas identified in Changing Lives was the need to develop a new organisational culture and approach to risk management and risk assessment which promoted excellen ce. (Scottish Executive 2006). In order to complete BBs pre-birth assessment I took into account risk factors and strengths which I had to analyse and reflect on. Calder (2002) offers a framework for conducting risk assessment by assessing all areas of identified risk and ensuring that each is considered separately e.g. child, parent and surrounding environment. To counteract the risk factors present family strengths and resources were also assessed, for example good bonding, supportive networks. I undertook research regarding parental resilience and according to Hill et al (2007) a vast array of research shows that parents in poverty or facing other stressors usually cope better when they have one or more close relationships outside the household and these are activated to give practical, emotional or informational support. In the case of BB she had a practical and supportive relationship with her mother as well as the support of her extended family which included her grandmother. BB also had a good relationship with BAs family and his mother in particular was a source of support for BB as she regularly took CA overnight. Whilst completing the assessment I centred my practice on the strengths-based perspective. As Saleeby (2000) explains the work of the strengths-based approach is the work of empowerment as both a process and a goal. As a goal, those who are empowered seek a firmer sense of purpose, self-esteem, the possibility of choice and connections to resources. As a process it is the collaboration between a social worker and a family or individual, working together on a mutual plan that will move them closer to their aspirations. Utilising a strengths-based practice with BB was important as she was finding it difficult to interact with the Community Health Visitor and Midwife. BB felt that she was a bad parent as she was not conforming to the routines the Health Visitor had recommended. BB also described how she felt that the Health Visitor was judging her and finding her wanting as a parent. Taking this conversation into consideration I realised that BB had no sense of self-efficacy, self-esteem or self-concept which Payne (2005) describes as resources that people have in order to cope. However, BBs strengths lay in the care of her daughter. She had a good bond with her daughter and was quick to attend to her needs. BB also had a routine in place with regard to mealtimes, naps and a bedtime routine. CA was also reaching her developmental milestones, had age appropriate toys and had the freedom of the living area. BB had also erected a baby gate to stop CA from gaining access to the kitchen and stairs. After a thorough analysis and supervisory discussions with my practice teacher I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency Conference not be convened. BB was happy to continue to work voluntarily with the Children and Families Area Team which would allow ongoing assessment and intervention. However, I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency meeting be arranged to discuss future interventions as I was aware that the birth of the new baby could be a future pressure on BB. I also recommended a further assessment take place when BA returns to the family home in October 2010. These recommendations were accepted by the Child Protection Officer at the Local Authority. In conclusion, Kolbs Reflective Cycle (1984) was useful in the reflection of my practice concerning BB as it allowed me to take into account Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) Codes of Practice, particularly Section 4.1 and 4.2. This reflective cycle also helped me look at BBs situation holistically by looking at resilience and risk, strengths-based practice and risk assessment and management. On reflection I felt confident that I had used the resources available to me well, particularly research and knowledge and I could justify my risk decision if harm was to occur and would be able to explain how I came to my risk decision. Overall, I felt that my first practice was very much influenced by the negative issues associated with risk however, I believe that this placement allowed me to put risk, risk assessment and management into perspective and accepting that risk decisions should not be influenced by the blame-culture but from a balanced approach which takes into consideration beneficial outcomes. This will in the future enable me to better support service users. 2,998 words

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents :: essays research papers

Stricter Rules for Hockey Parents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sport of hockey has a long proud history of being one of the best sports in the world. Great excitement for the fans and great fun for the players, but lately there has been too much emphasis on winning in the lower levels. It is very hard for children now days to play hockey for the fun of the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not the children themselves, or even the coaches that put this pressure to win on them. It is the parents of the children who create this pressure. Hockey parents have made winning so important that they sometimes lose sight of the reason that they are there in the first place. Hockey may be a fast paced, high adrenaline sport (you see more fights in hockey than any other team sport), but parents should leave the body contact to the players. Fortunately, physical abuse is still not very common in arenas but every year there are more reports of enraged parents assaulting referees or other players due to mishaps that took place during the game. Winning is not the only reason that some parents become upset. There has also been a growing dilemma with parents becoming outraged with coaches for factors as small as the amount of ice time their child receives during a game. There is a growing ambition among parents for their child to succeed in hockey and become a professional even before the child reaches adolescence. Although very serious, physical abuse is still not a common sight in arenas, but it is a serious problem which needs to be corrected. Verbal abuse however, is very common in arenas all over Ontario. Names and threats can be heard coming from the stands at any caliber of hockey at any age. This is also a significant problem which needs to be stopped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best defense against this kind of behaviour would be to create stricter penalties for anyone parents who get out of control. Anyone who is verbally abusive to officials or coaches should be given fines which increase for each infraction. If the abuse continues after three fines then the person should be banned from arenas for a specified amount of time depending on the severity and the frequency of the instances. If not abuse persists even after the ban the parent should be banned from all minor hockey games for life.

Mozart :: essays research papers

A short time before the death of Mozart, a stranger of remarkable appearance, and dressed in deep mourning, called at his house, and requested him to prepare a Requiem, in his best style, for the funeral of a distinguished person. The sensitive imagination of the composer immediately seized upon the circumstance as an omen of his own fate; and the nervous anxiety with which he labored to fulfill the task, had the effect of realizing his impression. He died within a few days of completing this magnificent piece of music, which was performed at his interment. Mozart's unfinished Requiem has long been shrouded in mystery. Mozart undertook the commission for an Austrian nobleman, little knowing that he was to write a requiem for himself. Inevitably, the secrecy surrounding the anonymous commission, the circumstances of Mozart's death, the unfinished state of the work, and its completion under the direction of Mozart's widow, Constanze, have precipitated two centuries of romantic speculation and scholarly controversy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One book that further explores the history and an analytical study on the Requiem is Christoph Wolff’s Mozart’s Requiem. Christoph Wolff provides a critical introduction to the Requiem in its many facets. Mozart’s Requiem has been a topic discussed for centuries and in Wolff’s book that topic is meticulously broken down. Wolff breaks the book down in two parts. Part I of his study focuses on the tangled genesis and completion of the work and its fascinating early reception history until Constanze's death. Wolff summarizes the current state of research on the subject, provides new perspectives on Mozart's conception of the whole work, and surveys his contributions to the movements composed by his assistant, Sà ¼ssmayr. Part II provides a musical analysis of Mozart's composition, including contextual, structural, and interpretive aspects.

Slavery in Latin America Essay -- Latin American History Slavery Essay

Slavery in Latin America Chile History Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th cent., the Araucanians had long been in control of the land in the southern part of the region; in the north, the inhabitants were ruled by the Inca empire. Diego de Almagro, who was sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru to explore the southern region, led a party of men through the Andes into the central lowlands of Chile but was unsuccessful (1536) in establishing a foothold there. In 1540, Pedro de Valdivia marched into Chile and, despite stout resistance from the Araucanians, founded Santiago (1541) and later established La Serena, Concepcià ³n, and Valdivia. After an initial period of incessant warfare with the natives, the Spanish succeeded in subjugating the indigenous population. Although Chile was unattractive to the Spanish because of its isolation from Peru to the north and its lack of precious metals (copper was discovered much later), the Spanish developed a pastoral society there based on large ranches and haciendas worked by indigenous people; the yields were shipped to Peru. During the long colonial era, the mestizos became a tenant farmer class, called inquilinos; although technically free, most were in practice bound to the soil. During most of the colonial period Chile was a captaincy general dependent upon the viceroyalty of Peru, but in 1778 it became a separate division virtually independent of Peru. Territorial limits were ill-defined and were the cause, after independence, of long-drawn-out boundary disputes with Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The movement toward independence began in 1810 under the leadership of Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas and Bernardo O'Higgins. The first phase (1810-14) ended in defeat at Rancagua, largely because of the rivalry of O'Higgins with Josà © Miguel Carrera and his brothers. In 1817, Josà © de San Martà ­n, with incredible hardship, brought an army over the Andes from Argentina to Chile. The following year he won the decisive battle of Maipà º over the Spaniards. The New Nation O'Higgins, who had been chosen supreme director, formally proclaimed Chile's independence Feb. 12, 1818, at Talca and established a military autocracy that characterized the republic's politics until 1833; O'Higgins ruled Chile from 1818 until 1823, when strong opposition to his policies forced him to resign. During this time the Britis... ... an underdeveloped country met with little success, although great personal fortunes were amassed from tin mining by tycoons such as Simà ³n I. Patià ±o. Conflicting claims to the Chaco, which was thought to be oil-rich, brought on yet another disastrous territorial war, this time with Paraguay (1932-35). The fighting ended in 1935 with both nations exhausted and Bolivia defeated and stripped of most of its claims in that area. Programs for curing the ills of the nation were hampered by military coups and countercoups. World War II proved a boon to the Bolivian economy by increasing demands for tin and wolframite. International pressure over pro-German elements in the government eventually forced Bolivia to break relations with the Axis and declare war (1943). Rising prices aggravated the restiveness of the miners over miserable working conditions; strikes were brutally suppressed. The crisis reached a peak in Dec., 1943, when the nationalistic, pro-miner National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) engineered a successful revolt. The regime, however, was not recognized by other American nations (except Argentina) until 1944, when pro-Axis elements in the MNR were officially removed.

How is 1984 terrifying? Essay

This brings in the relationships between Winston and Oi Brien. At first, they seem to have taken to each other, but in the end we find out that Oi Brien double-crossed Winston and that he couldni t trust someone he thought was his friend. The party did not want people to trust or have feelings for one another. A perfect example is, in the ministry of love, where a chinless man dropped a piece of bread for a starving fellow inmate. The man (who dropped the bread) was immediately punished, by being beaten until he bled. A normal person, in the ‘starving inmatei s positioni would have felt indebted to the man, as he was punished for trying to feed him, but moments after guards came in to take the inmate who was given the bread immediately betrayed the man who gave him the bread. Telling the guards to take him (chinless) to room 101 instead. This would have surely pleased Big Brother, as the eradication of friendship would be the partyi s main goal. When the request was not replied, the man pleaded that they rather slit throat of his wife and all his children than send him to room 101. This man was betraying his own family members. This would have pleased Big Brother. People came to the conclusion that one could not trust anybody in fear that they would report them to the thought police, where one would be vaporised. This was true when dealing with peoplei s families. In the ministry of love when Winston meets Parson who tells him how his daughter betrayed him when she heard him talking of overthrowing the party in his sleep. Other families were destroyed by the loss of respect between parents and children. People were refusing to obey their parents, as Big Brother encouraged them to do. The relationships between lovers were also controlled by the party, as they annihilate all the pleasures and desires of having sex and even promote artificial insemination. The party did not like sex as when two people share the experience they begin to love each other. The party then begins to put negative thought behind the idea of sex. This is illustrated during the two minutes that Winston describes Julia as â€Å"sexless†. During the relationship, Julia and Winston have to meet in secret. When they meet in secret from directions passed to each other on a note, so the prying eyes of the Telescreen do not catch them. This is particularly scary as nowadays, love is seen as a beautiful thing, not a secret affair. The last and final terrifying aspect of â€Å"nineteen eighty-four†, is the idea of all the power that Big Brother holds. Big Brother is a dictator with so much power that he is able to make people love him and fear him all at the same time. He controls them. The most dangerous thing about it is that Orwell does not really tell us whether or not Big Brother exists as he is Hitler, Stalin and Lenin all rolled into one, this time unstoppable, making it more real to readers as these are real people. Orwell believed that there would be a communist leader that would practise capitalism and still rule. This is exactly what Big Brother did. Orwell blends the terrifying aspects that the people experienced of communism and capitalism in his portrayal of Big brotheri s totalitarianism. Orwell describes the situation of the people in great detail when he wrote the description of the lives led by the people. Although the conditions were very poor, The party convinced people conditions fourty years ago, conditions were worse and that Big Brother was improving things. ‘Day and night, the Telescreen bruised peoplei s ears with news and information of how [people] were better off than people fourty years ago. i Because of all this propaganda making Big Brother seem like a God, Big Brother was able to scare people into hating the people that were a threat to the party. People like Goldstein. This was the reason of the two minutes hate. The two-minute hate was another example of the lack of individuality. Every party member was forced to take part. During the two minutes hate, people were watched for signs of â€Å"Unorthodox behaviour. † In the event, Winston sees Julia. He then has fantasies about her. These fantasies, although full of hateful thoughts, illustrate the passion he feels for her, but the fact that he thinks of being with her in these horrible scenarios, shows the way that Big Brother is able to control feelings. What I mean is when one person lusts after another, they have fantasies of being together in a place they would describe as paradise. They do not want to rape them in horrific scenes. The amount of passion he feels for Julia makes him want to be with her, but because he cani t, he has built up anger and hatred inside him. The picture of Goldstein shown in these two minutes, conjures up hate for the people. This is important, as people like Goldstein and his followers, the proles, were the biggest threat to the party. The people saw the proles as outcasts and propaganda made the people hate them. This is similar to the propaganda Hitler used against the Jews in the late 1930i s, so the people are able to relate. It was easy for Big Brother to make the people do this, as the people could not remember what life was like without a ruler (like Big Brother) to tell them what to do. Big Brother eliminated the past by destroying records and rewrote it. People, especially party members could not have memories. They were completely under Big Brotheri s control. In conclusion there are many terrifying aspects, but none more terrifying than the other is. Each is terrifying in iti s own way and all point to the fact that most of these things did, could have, and could still happen. Orwell realised this and that inspired him to write an ‘account of the futurei which is what â€Å"nineteen eighty-four† was to him and others living in 1949. Although terrifying now, these things would have been more terrifying in 1949, because, the things Orwell described had happened to them in some form. For example, the threats of labour camps, them being told that the Jews (Goldstein) were the enemy, capitalist dictatorship. So this book would have been the terrifying reality to the people of that time. At the time this novel was written, the Russian revolution and World War II was the reality and these things were happening in Russia. So in answer to the question, this novel would have been much more terrifying in 1949, because to them this book was real life.

Compare and Contrast the Aca’s 5 Moral Principles (Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity) with Clinton & Ohlschlager’s 7 Virtues on Co P. 248-249.

The American Counseling Association has identified several moral principles to assist in guiding their members and others interested in the helping professions. Of these the following five will be compared and contrasted with various biblical ethics identified by Clinton & Oblschalager (2002) as being seven virtues (pp. 248-249): autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity. The seven virtues are composed of the following: accountability and truth-telling, responsibility to love one another, fidelity to integrity, trustworthiness in keeping confidentiality, competent beneficence, humility in justice, and sufferability (ibid). Autonomy is defined as â€Å"the freedom of clients to choose their own direction† (Corey, G. , Corey, M. S. , & Callanan. 2007, p. 17). Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of actions which may hurt clients (ibid). Beneficence is promotion of the welfare of others (p. 18). Justice refers to being fair in equal distribution of resources and care without biases of any type (ibid). Fidelity refers to one keeping their word as a professional (ibid) The virtue of accountability and truth-telling shares the similarity with the moral principle of fidelity in that both mandate being truthful in our words and promises. Above that this virtue also requires that one be held accountable to another counselor or one’s pastor (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 248). The virtue of the responsibility to love one another shares with the principle of nonmaleficence the characteristic of doing others no harm, yet goes beyond that to include the Spirit given gift of demonstrating love for one another (ibid). The virtue of humility in justice basically mirrors the principle of justice. Both these traits should mean the counselor will never judge the individual seeking help and to never discriminate in the allocation of resources. The virtue of humility in justice also entails remembering to be humble in emulation of the Messiah who only sought for others to be restored to a right relation with God (p. 249). Competent beneficence is a virtue comparable to the principle of beneficence. They both are focused on the wellbeing f others and on the awareness of the counselor to be culturally competent (ibid). The virtues of trustworthiness in keeping confidentiality, fidelity to integrity and sufferability can be placed side by side with the principle of nonmaleficence since they all entail the mandate of not allowing the client to suffer any harm due to the counselor’s words or actions. Fidelity to integrity also entails the counselor’s personal integrity as needing to accompany h is professional integrity (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 248). Ultimately, the clients we encounter as Christian counselors do have autonomy to choose this principle and go in whatever direction they choose to go. Nevertheless, this is not a shared characteristic with any of the seven virtues. In our practice we are to recognize that God has moral absolutes and a perfect way in which God has chosen for us to walk (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 246). To utilize the seven virtues we must remember that doing good, telling truth, loving one another, and the rest of the virtues all point directly towards our creator. Therefore, although our clients may choose to ignore our godly counsel, we are in debt to them and our vows of service to God to inform them and encourage them to cease from sinful behaviors and to turn those behaviors around to reflect behaviors demonstrated . References Clinton, T. , & Ohlschlager, G. (Eds. ). (2002). Competent Christian Counseling: Foundations and Practice of Compassionate Soul Care. Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook Press. Corey, G. , Corey, M. S. , & Callanan, P. (2007). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole

Poetry and Time Essay

Slessor’s compact oeuvre details his struggle with time. However, his longing to be out of time merely highlights the supremacy of time over human life and nature. Slessor utilises familiar elements in an attempt to gain a better understanding of what he cannot comprehend. Moments captured out of time are short-lived illusions, though despite their brevity Slessor believes they are beautiful. In Out of Time, the first two stanzas in the third sonnet are Slessor’s illusions of a moment captured in ‘the sweet meniscus of time’. This moment is captured as Slessor remains ‘with the golden undertow’, moving against time for a brief moment. In this moment out of time Slessor observes a scene, which defies not only time but also other conventions such as gravity as the gulls rise ‘backward’. Slessor’s language in these stanzas (‘golden’, ‘sweet’ and ‘bubbled’) are contrasted against the harsh words (‘stabbed’, ‘pale’ and ‘faceless’) through the remainder of the poem and show through contrast Slessor’s awe at the beauty of the ‘moment’s world’. However Slessor is taken back to reality at the end of the third stanza by ‘the suck of sea’. When Slessor is ‘Out of time’ his disobeying time which has power even over nature. Consequently, under the instruction of time, the sea brings Slessor back to the constraints of time and reality as it continues its relentless pursuit of fate. In Five Bells Slessor struggles to comprehend the death of his friend: Joe Lynch. At the beginning Slessor is under the illusion that he may be able to ‘hear the voice’ of the ‘dead man’ despite the impenetrable ‘pygmy strait’ that he knows exists between life and death. Slessor is frustrated that Joe is trapped in a flood of time and that he himself is taken away by time, leaving Joe ‘anchored’. Despite this knowledge Slessor employs illusions and imagery as he tries to break the constraints of time and reach his friend. The first illusion is that of Joe ‘beating at the ports of space’, ‘bawling’ and ‘crying out [his] name’. This is Slessor trying to imagine what is beyond death. The second illusion is Joe trapped at the bottom of the sea as the ‘wet presses it’s dark thumb balls in’ and the ‘sea pinks’ growing between Joe’s teeth. Despite these attempts to bring Joe back to life so Slessor can ‘hear his voice’, Slessor is unable to be out of time and reanimate his friend. Rather all he hears is ‘bells, five bells coldly ringing out’, bringing Slessor back to reality. Slessor very effectively utilises illusions and strong imagery in an attempt to break the constraints of time in order to capture a moment or remember a loved one. However, inevitably Slessor is forced back to reality by the power and necessity of time and it’s relentless nature. Time is continuous; its relentless nature causes Slessor to leave memory behind as he is swept up in the ever-continuing tide. Out fo Time is structured as a poem composed of 3 linked sonnets, the first sonnet ends with ‘the golden undertow’ and the second begins with ‘the golden undertow’. This linkage is consistent throughout the remainder of the poem, with the last line of the last sonnet linking to the ‘yachts’ in the opening line of the first sonnet. This structure very effectively portrays Slessor’s belief that time is relentless as it continues onwards. Similarly, Slessor has used Iambic pentameter throughout the poem so that it is read consistently. This creates a measured rhythm and a sense of urgency that portrays time is measured and hurried. It is for this reason Slessor is unable to remain ‘out of time’ as we must obey time and time must continue in its pursuit of fate. Though Dutton claims of Five Bells, ‘the time of this poem is quite different to the time of all the others’ Slessor still discusses the continuous nature of time in this poem. He describes time as ‘moved by little fidget wheels’ consistent with Out of Time in its suggestion that time is measured. Slessor utilises the sea to comment on times continuous nature. This is appropriate as Slessor is very familiar with the Harbour and water and using this element helps him and his readers to grasp a better understanding of the incomprehensible. Joe and those dead are described in a metaphor of weed, as Slessor suggest ‘time bends the weed’ continuing on, whilst leaving Joe and the weed in it’s wake. Similarly, he states the ‘tide is over you’ and ‘the waves go over you’, using the constancy of a waters tide to effectively portray times continuous nature. Slessor effectively conveys his longing to be ‘out of time’ through his poetry. Although in exploring this using illusion he realises the continuous nature of time means that one cannot remain out of time for long periods of time.

Save Girl Child

NuclearMain articles: Nuclear explosion and Effects of nuclear explosions In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a man-made nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city. Properties of explosionsForceExplosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If the surface is cut or shaped, the explosive forces can be focused to produce a greater local effect; this is known as a shaped charge.VelocityThis article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (May 2013) The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes the ex plosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction . Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanded gases will be dissipated in the medium, and there will be no explosion. Again, consider a wood or coal fire. As the fire burns, there is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.Evolution of heatThe generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide[2] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The li beration of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example,  although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slowcombustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion).In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e.chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be ab sorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation.Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25  °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A negative value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the â€Å"heat of explosion.†Initiation of reactionA chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many sub stances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.FragmentationFragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could be part of a structure such as a magazine. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds or thousands of feet with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel and damage vehicles or structures. Notable explosions Save Girl Child NuclearMain articles: Nuclear explosion and Effects of nuclear explosions In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a man-made nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city. Properties of explosionsForceExplosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If the surface is cut or shaped, the explosive forces can be focused to produce a greater local effect; this is known as a shaped charge.VelocityThis article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (May 2013) The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes the ex plosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction . Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanded gases will be dissipated in the medium, and there will be no explosion. Again, consider a wood or coal fire. As the fire burns, there is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.Evolution of heatThe generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide[2] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The li beration of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow.In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slowcombustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e.chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absor bed or released.The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25  °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A negative value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the â€Å"heat of explosion.† Initiation of reactionA chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many subst ances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.FragmentationFragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could be part of a structure such as a magazine. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds or thousands of feet with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel and damage vehicles or structures.